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**ACID** (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) is the transaction model for traditional re

An API Gateway is a single entry point for all client requests in a microservice architecture. It ha

Blob storage is a data storage architecture that manages unstructured data as objects (blobs) in a f

Caching stores frequently accessed data in a fast-access storage layer (typically in-memory) to redu

In a distributed system, you can only guarantee two of three properties simultaneously: **Consistenc

A CDN is a geographically distributed network of edge servers that cache and serve content from loca

A resilience pattern that prevents cascading failures in distributed systems. When a downstream serv

A distributed hashing technique that maps both servers and keys onto a hash ring. When a server is a

CQRS separates the read model (queries) from the write model (commands) into different models, and p

A database index is a data structure (typically B-tree or hash table) that speeds up data retrieval

Distributed consensus is the problem of getting multiple nodes to agree on a single value or sequenc

An architecture where services communicate by producing and consuming events rather than direct API

A load balancer distributes incoming network traffic across multiple backend servers to ensure no si

A message queue is an intermediary that enables asynchronous communication between services. Produce

A **monolith** is a single deployable unit containing all application logic. **Microservices** decom

Rate limiting controls the number of requests a client can make within a time window. It protects sy

Database replication copies data across multiple servers to improve availability, fault tolerance, a

Scalability is the ability of a system to handle increased load by adding resources. Two primary app

Sharding distributes data across multiple database instances (shards) so each shard holds a subset o

**SQL databases** (relational) use structured tables with predefined schemas, ACID transactions, and